Our findings indicated that this elevated prevalence of EBV contamination is not associated with the hematological diseases or transfusion rates, but with the socioeconomic status of the study populace. the prevalence rates of EBV contamination fluctuate according to population, geographical region and socioeconomic status [2]. High rates of EBV contamination have been reported in individuals with lower socioeconomic status, especially among non-white-skinned individuals and low-income families [3,4]. In children, the EBV contamination prevalence may range from 20 to 80%, with the highest rates occurring in developing countries [4,5]. Even though most EBV or CMV-infected individuals remain asymptomatic throughout life, these viruses are the main cause of infectious mononucleosis in immunocompromised patients [6]. EBV contamination has been associated with liver damage in several stages [7]. The liver is one of the first organs involved in the EBV contamination cycle. High levels of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) in infected individuals may indicate EBV-induced liver injury [8,9]. A study case reported high serum Arterolane levels of ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in an 18 years old lady carrier of EBV-related infectious mononucleosis [10]. The girl was also a carrier of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, which could be caused by the EBV contamination. The association of EBV with hematological diseases was first described in patients with Burkitts lymphoma [11]. Afterward, the EBV contamination was also linked to the pathogenesis of other hematological diseases, such as Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia and post-transplant lymphomas [12,13,14]. However, the impact of EBV contamination on patients with hematological diseases is not completely understood. In this study, we evaluated the epidemiological and liver biomarkers profile of EBV contamination and its coinfection with CMV in individuals from the 0.05 Arterolane was considered statistically significant. 3. Results 3.1. Prevalence of EBV Contamination and EBV/CMV Coinfection A total of 194 patients (85.09%; 95% CI: 0.80C0.90) showed positivity for anti-EBV IgG antibody and 179 (78.51%; 95% CI: 0.73C0.84) were positive for EBV/CMV coinfection. Patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) had the highest prevalence rates for EBV contamination (90%) and EBV/CMV coinfection (80%). No direct relationship was observed between the susceptibility for EBV contamination or EBV/CMV coinfection and the type of hematological disease. The age group 60 years aged showed the highest prevalence (100%) while the age group 31C40 years old were more susceptible to coinfection (95% CI: 1.59C93.41, = 0.011). The group 1C10 years old were less affected for both EBV contamination (95% CI: 0.66C0.91, = 0.001) and EBV/CMV coinfection (95% CI: 0.52C0.81, 0.0001), showing prevalence rates of 71.88% and 57.81%, respectively (Table 1). Table 1 Prevalence of EBV contamination and EBV/CMV coinfection according to sociodemographic characteristics of the study populace. 0.05; Prevalence Risk CI calculated by the method Koopman asymptotic score; ** people unable to Arterolane read and write; *** people able to read and write; All individuals in both the groups literate and illiterate were not attending school; Brazilian national minimum monthly wage: approximately USD 192 dollars. Most of Arterolane the patients (64.04%) had a low level of education. Over Ywhaz 39% of the study populace was illiterate or literate. Illiterate patients were less susceptible to EBV contamination (95% CI: 0.60C0.94, = 0.004) and EBV/CMV coinfection (95% CI: 0.55C0.93, = 0.005). Literate patients were only less susceptible to EBV/CMV coinfection (95% CI: 0.66C0.99, = 0.026). The majority of individuals in these groups (illiterate and literate) were within the age range between 1C10 years and, due to the severity of hematological diseases, these patients were not attending school regularly (Table 1). The correlation between the rate of transfusion of blood products and the prevalence of EBV contamination or EBV/CMV coinfection was not statically significant (Table 2). Table 2 Prevalence of EBV contamination and EBV/CMV coinfection according to the type of hematological diseases and the rates of transfusion in a 12 months. (LDH) and ferritin of the study population (Table 3). The results exhibited an association between elevated serum levels of ferritin and EBV contamination or EBV/CMV.